Macbeth PDF


 Macbeth is one of William Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies. Written around 1606, it tells the dark and gripping story of ambition, murder, guilt, and fate in medieval Scotland.


Plot Summary:

Macbeth, a brave Scottish general and loyal subject to King Duncan, wins a great battle. On his way home, he and his friend Banquo encounter three witches who deliver a chilling prophecy:

  • Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor, and then King of Scotland.
  • Banquo will not be king himself, but his descendants will be kings.

Soon after, Macbeth is named Thane of Cawdor, making him believe the prophecy is true. Ambition takes hold.

Encouraged—and manipulated—by Lady Macbeth, his ambitious and ruthless wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan in his sleep to seize the throne. He frames Duncan’s guards for the crime and is crowned king.


Downfall:

Once in power, Macbeth becomes paranoid. He arranges the murder of Banquo (to stop his heirs from taking the throne) and Banquo’s son Fleance, though Fleance escapes.

Macbeth also has Macduff’s wife and children murdered after learning Macduff may oppose him. Lady Macbeth, wracked with guilt, begins to sleepwalk and obsessively tries to wash imagined blood from her hands. She eventually goes mad and dies, likely by suicide.

Macbeth returns to the witches, who offer more cryptic prophecies:

  • “No man born of a woman shall harm Macbeth.”
  • “He shall not be defeated until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane.”

Macbeth feels invincible. But the prophecies turn out to be tricks:

  • Macduff, who was “from his mother’s womb untimely ripped” (born by Caesarean), is not technically "born of a woman."
  • The opposing army disguises themselves with branches from Birnam Wood, making it appear as if the forest is moving.

In the final battle, Macduff kills Macbeth, and Malcolm, King Duncan’s son, becomes king—restoring order to Scotland.


Themes:

  • Ambition and Power
  • Fate vs. Free Will
  • Guilt and Conscience
  • The Supernatural
  • Corruption and Madness

Tone and Style:

Dark, intense, and psychological. Shakespeare uses vivid imagery (especially of blood, night, and unnatural events) to show the descent into guilt, fear, and madness.


Macbeth is a haunting exploration of unchecked ambition and moral decay. It remains one of Shakespeare’s most powerful and widely performed plays.



 


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